Digital Extras

Our Digital Extras section brings you even more to explore — content you won’t find in the print edition. Enjoy extended photo galleries, exclusive videos, immersive 3D models and bonus stories.


Preserving the Sound of Notre-Dame

How do you preserve the sound of a sacred space? Go behind the scenes with Brian F.G. Katz ’90 as he captures the acoustics of an iconic cathedral.

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A microphone in the shape of a head inside Notre-Dame
In 2015, Katz’s team used dozens of specialized microphones to gather acoustic data inside Notre-Dame Cathedral. This model, called a binaural mic, relies on sensors embedded in each ear of a mannequin head to precisely re-create human hearing.
Photo Credit: Courtesy Brian F.G. Katz
Piles of burnt timber and shattered limestone inside the cathedral.
A look inside Notre-Dame after the devastating 2019 fire that destroyed the cathedral’s roof. These piles of burnt timber and shattered limestone mark the exact spots where the building’s ceiling collapsed.
Photo Credit: AFP/Getty Images
Right: Scaffolding inside of the Notre-Dame cathedral. Left: A person dressed in white protective clothing points a starter pistol in the air.
Left: As reconstruction efforts began in earnest, a forest of scaffolding and support structures rose inside the cathedral. Right: Katz’s team used a variety of methods to create pulses of sound inside Notre-Dame. Here, Katz fires a starter pistol — a glorified cap gun — to create a loud bang that will reverberate inside the room.
Photo Credit: Courtesy Brian F.G. Katz
The interior of the Notre-Dame cathedral during the reconstruction process.
Over several months, reconstruction crews cleared mounds of debris from the cathedral’s interior and constructed safety netting to catch any rubble that continued to fall. (The triangular glow at the top of the image is a hole that still remained in the building’s roof.)
Photo Credit: Chantier CNRS Notre-Dame
A group of people dressed in white protective clothing work with sound equipment within the Notre-Dame cathedral.
To gauge how the fire altered Notre-Dame’s historic sound, Katz and his team took detailed acoustic measurements inside the damaged building. The strange-looking ball at left is a 12-sided speaker, used to broadcast a range of audio frequencies in every direction. The team captured that sound using an array of microphones, which measured how the sound echoed throughout the building.
Photo Credit: Courtesy Brian F.G. Katz
People in white protective clothing control a remotely operated robot.
Even after reconstruction teams stabilized the cathedral, some areas remained too dangerous to enter. Here, a remotely controlled robot steers microphones into restricted areas.
Photo Credit: Chantier CNRS Notre-Dame
A person wearing white protective gear and a hard hat controls a remotely operated robot.
Looking down the length of the burned-out cathedral, Katz uses a remotely controlled robot to tow acoustic sensors into place.
Photo Credit: Chantier CNRS Notre-Dame
The Notre-Dame cathedral before and after the fire.
Photos of the cathedral before (left) and after (right) the fire show a striking difference in the level of soot and grime on the walls. Katz has found that the removal of centuries of accumulated dust has made the building noticeably more reverberant.
Photo Credit: Martin Bureau/Sarah Meyssonnier

These videos offer a rare glimpse inside the damaged cathedral. Follow along as Katz and his team of researchers record acoustic data after the fire.

Interior of columns and windows in Notre Dame
Play Video
GT Acoustique: S01E02 Soundscape (Chantier CNRS Notre-Dame)
A robot on the floor of Notre Da,e
Play Video
GT Acoustique: S01E03 Room acoustics (Chantier CNRS Notre-Dame)

In this hourlong “ArcheoConcert,” tour the sonic history of Notre-Dame from its earliest centuries. The film uses Katz’s virtual acoustic models of the building to re-create how it sounded during various eras. (Headphones recommended!)

A geometric pattern meant to visualize sound.
Play Video
Vaulted Harmonies — ArchaeoConcert at Notre-Dame de Paris
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A Digital Renaissance

Watch a video, explore a 3D model of a beloved old-world cello and see more photos that explain the work of computer scientist-turned-luthier Harry Mairson.

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A man playing the cello on a dark stage.
Play Video
WATCH: In this short film, Mairson explains why he’s so passionate about building stringed instruments — and how he applies digital tools to a decidedly analog craft.

EXPLORE: Click and drag to explore a 3D scan of the Stauffer ex Cristiani, a cello built by Antonio Stradivari in 1700. This model was created using a technique called photogrammetry, which can construct a 3D shape from hundreds of still images taken at different angles.
Mairson cuts a piece of wood with a tool in his workshop.
In Mairson’s home workshop, vintage hand tools mingle with souvenirs from his travels in Italy, paintings of famous concert halls and photos of historical instruments.
A carved wooden face hangs on the wall of Mairson's workshop next to various tools.
A wooden self-portrait carved by Mairson’s father keeps watch over the workshop. Mairson still uses many of his dad’s tools.
Mairson looks at a scan of an instrument on his computer.
Before starting work on a new instrument, Mairson creates detailed plans on his computer. Using software he developed, he lays out the instrument’s shape on the basis of classical geometric rules. As shown here, he can also make virtual measurements from CT scans of historical instruments.
A wooden block with the beginning shape of a cello's scroll carved into it.
From a solid block of wood, a cello scroll begins to take form. Mairson designed the shape of this scroll on the basis of CT scans of an original Stradivari. He then 3D-printed a copy of his design to use as a reference. (The 3D copy lies on top of the block of wood.)
A close-up view of the beginning stages of a wooden cello's scroll.
Before carving, Mairson carefully sketches out the exact shape of his cello’s scroll on a rough wood cutout.
Hands carving a wooden cello's scroll with a chisel.
Carving a cello scroll is delicate work. Mairson starts by cutting out its rough outline with a hand saw, then making finer, more detailed cuts with small curved chisels, as seen here.
A carefully carved wooden cello's scroll.
After hours of carving, chiseling, planing and scraping, the scroll’s graceful curl is nearly finished. Mairson uses calipers to measure each detail and ensure the sides of the scroll are symmetrical.
Bryan da Costa plays a cello on a dark stage.
For Mairson, building instruments is a labor of love. He gives most of them away to professional-level musicians — including Bryan da Costa ’28, seen here with the third cello Mairson created.
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Getting Personal With Public Art

In late June, Denise Markonish ’97 becomes the Madison Square Park Conservancy’s chief curator. She arrives from the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (MASS MoCA), where she spent 18 years producing large-scale commissions by big-name artists, including the three featured below.

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“In the Light of a Shadow” installation with various shapes and forms suspended from a ceiling by strings.
Glenn Kaino, “In the Light of a Shadow,” 2021 installation view. Denise Markonish commissioned the 2021-22 MASS MoCA installation “In the Light of a Shadow,” by multimedia artist Glenn Kaino, which was inspired by the civil rights movements in the United States and Northern Ireland. When Markonish reflects on her time at MASS MoCA, she’s proudest of how she supported artists, including Kaino. “I think of myself as a producer,” she says. “We’re trying to support what artists have to say in this moment.”
Photo Credit: Tony Luong
A painting of a man standing in front of a sunset from Vincent Valdez's “Just a Dream …”
MASS MoCA installation view of “So Long, Maryann,” by Vincent Valdez, 2019, oil on canvas. Markonish installed her final show at MASS MoCA in May 2025, a month before starting her new post at Madison Square Park. That show, “Just a Dream …,” a survey of 150 works by the painter Vincent Valdez, runs through April 2026. “Vincent paints what it means to be in America in the 21st century,” Markonish says.
Photo Credit: Jon Verney
Martin Puryear's “Big Bling,” a 40-foot-tall sculpture made of wood and chain link.
Martin Puryear, “Big Bling,” 2016, pressure-treated laminated timbers, plywood, chain-link fencing, fiberglass and gold leaf. Long before she was named chief curator, Markonish admired the public art at Madison Square Park, including “Big Bling,” a 40-foot-tall sculpture by Martin Puryear. Made of wood and chain link, it was created as a temporary work and was going to be destroyed. “I called Martin and said, ‘What if we brought it to North Adams?’” That’s the city that’s home to MASS MoCA — and now it’s home to “Big Bling,” too.
Photo Credit: Courtesy of the artist and Matthew Marks Gallery, New York
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Excerpt From “Kill Talk”

In her new book, “Kill Talk: Language and Military Necropolitics” (Oxford University Press, 2025), anthropology professor Janet McIntosh explores how the U.S. military uses language specifically designed to teach combatants to “assimilate violence into their inner lives so they can willingly anticipate the act of killing and swallow the possibility of dying.”

Here is an excerpt from the book:

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Night after night, the buses pull up on the tarmac outside the Recruit Processing Center at Parris Island Marine Corps recruit training center in South Carolina. Usually they are full of young men — still boys, by some measures — with a nervous feeling in the pit of their stomach. They will have sensed the air getting heavy and sticky, and they might have noticed a faint swampy smell. They’ve seen enough movies to know what comes next, but they still find it startling. A Drill Instructor (DI) storms the bus, shirt tight around his muscles, his belt seeming to float around his flat abdomen, roaring at the neophytes from under his circular hat brim.

“SIT UP STRAIGHT! From this point forward you will only answer me with a YES, sir, NO, sir, AYE-AYE, sir. DO WE UNDERSTAND?”

“YES, SIR!” yell the recruits.

“Now get OFF MY BUS! NOW NOW NOW!”

The young men hustle to plant themselves on a row of yellow footprints painted on the road. The yelling follows them, an acoustic assault, so thick and fast and strangely inflected that each recruit has to listen hard and use herd behavior to know what to do next.

They know they’re about to be transformed, but they are unlikely to recognize all the subterranean dynamics of this change and how the acoustic qualities of boot camp will demonstrate how to become a hardened killer. These qualities will also model the disintegration of their personhood and their necropolitical abjection — that is, their killability in the eyes of the state. But more immediate symbolism commands their attention. Those yellow footprints have awaited recruits since the early 1960s, and each assumes the same position, heels clicked neatly together, forcing the body to stand at attention as the DI paces back and forth barking declarations.

DIs have been through their initial speech many times, and it’s a performance of intimidation, not semantic clarity. Phrases like “United States Marine Corps” come out about twice as fast as they would in ordinary talk. DIs slur their syllables, swallow some words, and emphasize others erratically. Addling the listener seems to be part of the point. When I played back a recording (posted to YouTube in 2016 by a noncommissioned officer) three times over, I could discern the following:

YOU have just taken the first step to becoming a member of Americaʼs finest fighting force, the United States Marine Corps. YOU should be standing at a position of attention. That means your heels are touching. Your FEET are at a forty-five-degree angle. Your thumbs are on your trouser seam. Palms rolled inward. Fingers in their natural curl. Head and eyes straight in front. And your mouth is shut. Iʼll say it again: Your mouth is shut. Thatʼs the only position for which you should be a Marine [unintelligible] Depot. Do we understand. [The recruits yell “YES SIR!”] And do we understand. [“YES SIR!”]

The DI goes on to shout, in a rapid slur, that recruits are now subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. He threatens nonjudicial punishment or a court-martial for noncompliance. He shouts about Article 91, on “disrespect” not being tolerated, and Article 92, which states, “You will do what you’re told to, when you’re told to do it, without question.” Each speech segment ends with “Do we understand,” but it’s a rhetorical question. There’s no room to request clarification — only to perform affirmation in the loudest possible voice.

The arrival I’ve described is fairly typical, but every Marine Corps veteran will describe theirs a little differently. Some DIs bypass the longer speeches at the footprints, instead going up to individual recruits to scream in their ear, “GET ON THOSE YELLOW FOOTPRINTS! EYES FRONT! YOU! QUIT LOOKING AROUND!” Sometimes, two or three DIs stage a “shark attack,” swarming individual recruits while screaming at them to assume the “POA” — position of attention — before explaining what the acronym means. One Marine I spoke to described feeling “ripped off” when his bus was greeted by a female DI who was too distracted to give the tongue-lashing he expected; he had hoped for a more bracing, masculine experience. But the classic arrival slams recruits with language that assails and frustrates. There is no sign of anything like “conversation.” This is a rite of passage.

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